What is a dentigerous cyst?
A dentigerous cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the jawbone or soft tissue. A dentigerous cyst usually develops over an unerupted or partially erupted tooth. This is often a molar or canine tooth. Dentigerous cysts are the second most common type of odontogental cyst and are usually benign. However, dentigerous cysts should be treated, otherwise complications such as infection may occur. Dentigerous cysts are more common than average in people between the ages of 20 and 30.
How does a dentigerous cyst develop?
A dentigerous cyst is caused by a build-up of fluid that forms on the top of an unerupted tooth. Exactly why this accumulation of fluid occurs is still unknown to the medical profession.
What are the symptoms of a dentigerous cyst?
If the dentigerous cyst is small, it may be asymptomatic. However, if the cyst has reached a size of more than 2 centimetres, the following symptoms can occur.
- Swelling,
- Tenderness,
- Tooth displacement, possibly with gaps forming between the teeth,
- visible bump.
How is a dentigerous cyst diagnosed?
Smaller dentigerous cysts are often discovered during a routine examination, for example when taking a dental x-ray. If a dentigerous cyst is suspected, it can be confirmed by an X-ray of the tooth or a CT or MRI scan. If it is a particularly large dentigerous cyst, the dentist can also diagnose it just by looking at it. In any case, however, the dentist must clarify whether it is a dentigerous cyst or another type of cyst, such as a periapical cyst or an aneurysmal bone cyst.
How is a dentigerous cyst diagnosed?
The treatment method for a dentigerous cyst depends entirely on its size. Generally, it is possible to surgically remove the cyst along with the affected tooth or to use a technique called marsupialisation. Marsupialisation involves cutting open the cyst to allow the accumulation of fluid to drain away. Once there is no more fluid, sutures are placed to keep the affected area open to prevent a new dentigerous cyst from forming.
What complications can occur?
Even small and asymptomatic dentigerous cysts should always be removed to avoid complications such as infection, tooth loss, jaw fracture or a type of benign jaw tumour (ameloblastoma). If left untreated, a dentigerous cyst can lead to an unusual roughness in the mouth, especially around the molars and canines, and/or to pain and swelling.