Amino acids

Definition:

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as building blocks for proteins. They contain both an amino group (-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) and are differentiated by their side chain, which is known as the residual group.

Properties:

Structure:
Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a variable side chain are attached.
Chirality:
With the exception of glycine, amino acids are chiral, which means that they can occur in two mirror-image forms (enantiomers).

Classification:

Amino acids are categorised into different groups based on the properties of their side chains:

Essential amino acids:
These cannot be synthesised by the body and must be ingested through food (e.g. leucine, lysine).
Non-essential amino acids:
These can be synthesised by the body itself (e.g. alanine, asparagine).
Conditionally essential amino acids:
Under certain conditions, such as illness or stress, the need for these amino acids can exceed the body's own synthesis (e.g. arginine, glutamine).

Function:

Protein synthesis:
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are crucial for the structure, function and regulation of tissues and organs in the body.
Metabolism:
They play a role in metabolism by providing precursors for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones and other molecules.
Energy source:
Under certain conditions, amino acids can be used as an energy source.

Significance:

Amino acids are essential for growth, repair and the maintenance of bodily functions. A balanced intake of amino acids is important for health and well-being.

Food sources:

Amino acids are found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, pulses and nuts. A varied diet ensures that all essential amino acids are absorbed.