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Bacteria: Morphological classifications
Morphological classifications of bacteria
Why is morphology important?
The morphology, or external shape of bacteria, is a fundamental characteristic to identify and classify them. Different shapes help bacteria to adapt to specific environments and fulfil different functions.
Main types of bacterial forms
- Cocci (spherical bacteria)
These bacteria are spherical and can occur singly, in pairs (diplococci), in chains (streptococci) or in clusters (staphylococci).
Examples: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), Staphylococcus aureus (skin infections).
- Bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria)
Rod-shaped bacteria can be short or long and occasionally form endospores.
Examples: Escherichia coli (intestinal flora), Bacillus anthracis (anthrax).
- Spirillae (helical bacteria)
These bacteria have a spiral or corkscrew shape and are often motile.
Examples: Spirillum volutans (aquatic bacterium).
- Spirochetes (helical, flexible body)
They are similar to spirillae, but have a more flexible cell structure and move by means of endoflagella.
Examples: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease).
- Vibrions (comma bacteria)
These bacteria have a curved, comma-like shape.
Examples: Vibrio cholerae (cholera).
Other morphological variations
Some bacteria show more complex or unusual shapes, such as:
- Filamentous bacteria: Elongated cell structures