Bone tissue

Bone tissue: structure, functions and significance

Bone tissue: structure, functions and significance for the human body

What is bone tissue?

Bone tissue is a dynamic supporting tissue that forms the basis of the human skeleton. It consists of cells and a mineralised matrix and provides strength and lightness at the same time. There are two main types

Compact bone tissue (corticalis): Dense and firm; forms the outer layer of the bones.
Spongy bone tissue (cancellous bone): Lattice-like structure inside the bones; light and stable.

Cell types in bone tissue

Bone tissue is formed by different cell types

Osteoblasts: Responsible for the formation of new bone matrix.
Osteocytes: Mature cells that maintain the tissue structure.
Osteoclasts: Break down old or damaged bone matrix.

Functions of bone tissue

Bone tissue fulfils essential tasks in the human body

Supporting function: Forms the stable frame of the body.
Protection: Protects vital organs such as the brain and heart.
Movement: Enables movement through attachment points for muscles.
Mineral storage: Stores calcium and phosphate.
Haematopoiesis: Bone marrow produces blood cells.

Diseases of the bone tissue

Osteoporosis: Reduced bone density leads to fractures.
Osteomalacia: Soft bones due to a lack of vitamin D or calcium.
Bone tumours: Benign or malignant tumours affect the tissue.

How does bone tissue stay healthy?

Calcium-rich diet: Dairy products, vegetables and nuts promote health.
Vitamin D: Supports calcium absorption.
Regular exercise: Exercise training in particular strengthens the bones.
Avoiding smoking and alcohol: Protects bone health.

Things to know

Bone tissue is completely renewed every 10 years or so. At birth, humans have around 270 bones; in adulthood, this number drops to 206 due to fusion of some bones.