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Lexicon: B
Bone tissue
Bone tissue: structure, functions and significance for the human body
What is bone tissue?
Bone tissue is a dynamic supporting tissue that forms the basis of the human skeleton. It consists of cells and a mineralised matrix and provides strength and lightness at the same time. There are two main types
- Compact bone tissue (corticalis): Dense and firm; forms the outer layer of the bones.
- Spongy bone tissue (cancellous bone): Lattice-like structure inside the bones; light and stable.
Cell types in bone tissue
Bone tissue is formed by different cell types
- Osteoblasts: Responsible for the formation of new bone matrix.
- Osteocytes: Mature cells that maintain the tissue structure.
- Osteoclasts: Break down old or damaged bone matrix.
Functions of bone tissue
Bone tissue fulfils essential tasks in the human body
- Supporting function: Forms the stable frame of the body.
- Protection: Protects vital organs such as the brain and heart.
- Movement: Enables movement through attachment points for muscles.
- Mineral storage: Stores calcium and phosphate.
- Haematopoiesis: Bone marrow produces blood cells.
Diseases of the bone tissue
- Osteoporosis: Reduced bone density leads to fractures.
- Osteomalacia: Soft bones due to a lack of vitamin D or calcium.
- Bone tumours: Benign or malignant tumours affect the tissue.
How does bone tissue stay healthy?
- Calcium-rich diet: Dairy products, vegetables and nuts promote health.
- Vitamin D: Supports calcium absorption.
- Regular exercise: Exercise training in particular strengthens the bones.
- Avoiding smoking and alcohol: Protects bone health.
Things to know
Bone tissue is completely renewed every 10 years or so. At birth, humans have around 270 bones; in adulthood, this number drops to 206 due to fusion of some bones.