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Cell membrane
Cell membrane
- Synonyms:
- Plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane
Definition
The cell membrane is a thin, selectively permeable envelope that surrounds every living cell. It separates the cell interior (cytoplasm) from the extracellular environment and regulates the exchange of substances between the intracellular and extracellular space. At the same time, it is involved in signalling, communication and stability of the cell.
Structure
The cell membrane consists primarily of a lipid bilayer in which various proteins are embedded. This fluid mosaic-like structure contains:
- Phospholipids (form the basic structure)
- Membrane proteins (e.g. transporters, receptors, enzymes)
- Cholesterol (influences membrane fluidity)
- Carbohydrates (mostly as glycoproteins/lipids on the outside)
Functions
- Barrier function: Protection against uncontrolled entry and exit of substances
- Selective transport: Through ion channels, carriers and pumps
- Signal transduction: Uptake and transmission of signals via receptors
- Cell-cell communication: Via membrane proteins and glycocalyx
- Anchoring: For the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Special features
The cell membrane exhibits electrical polarisation (membrane potential), which is essential for nerve and muscle cells. Its lipid and protein composition can vary greatly depending on the cell type and environmental conditions. It is dynamic: membrane components can move sideways (lateral diffusion).
Relevance in medicine and frequency therapy
The cell membrane plays a central role in the interaction with electromagnetic fields. Weak EM fields can modulate the membrane potential, influence transport proteins or trigger signalling processes - a basis for modern concepts of information medicine and frequency therapy.
See also
Ion transport - membrane potential - receptor - endocytosis - frequency therapy - lipid bilayer